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Canavalia galeata

(Gaudich.) Vogel (1836)

This name is accepted

Kingdom: Viridiplantae Phylum: Magnoliophyta Class/Clade: Eudicot-Rosids Order: Fabales Family: Fabaceae Genus: Canavalia

‘āwikiwiki [awikiwiki], puakauhi

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Description

Key Characters:

Growth Form: Perennial climbers, branches twining.

Stems:

Roots:

Leaves: Leaves compound. Alternate. Leaflets oblong–ovate to ovate or elliptic, 4.5–16 cm long, 1.9–8 cm wide. Apex bluntly acuminate to caudate. Base truncate to broadly cuneate. Surfaces sparsely appressed pubescent, usually glabrate with age; leaflets chartaceous. Leaflet margins entire, wavy. Petiolate. Stipules present small, caducous. Leaflet stipels minute.

Flowers: Flowers 4–14(–18) in axillary pseudoracemes 2–10 cm long. Flowers papilionaceous; bracteoles present, caducous. Calyx often flecked with short purple streaks, 9–21 mm long, sparsely to moderately appressed pubescent, upper edge smoothly and strongly concave, upper lip 10–12 mm long, the 2 lobes connate except in the distal 2–3 mm, lowest lobe lanceolate, 4–5 mm long. Calyx bilabiate, 5-lobed, the upper lip large and with 2 lobes connate along the upper margin, the lower lip trifid. Corolla dark purple, standard with a white spot and streaks toward base, 36–38 mm long, wing petals 28–29 mm long, keel petals 33–35 mm long. Stamens 10; upper stamen distinct at base, loosely adhering to the other 9 up to middle, the other 9 connate into a tube. Ovary superior, stipitate; ovules 5–20; style incurved, glabrous; stigma small, terminal.

Fruit: Pods compressed; 9.5–13 cm long; 2.5–3.2 cm wide; inconspicuously appressed puberulent; becoming sparsely so with age; each valve with a longitudinal sutural ridge and an additional longitudinal ridge 2–4mm below the upper suture. Seeds reddish brown; darkly so with age; oblong–elliptic; strongly compressed; 15–21 mm long; 10–13 mm wide; the hilum 9–13 mm long. Seeds transversely arranged; ellipsoid; hilum elongated; oblong; with a small; papery; persistent rim–aril.

Ploidy:

Habitat: Scattered; primarily in mesic forest; and those degraded by guava or other alien vegetation or occasionally in <i>Lantana</i> shrubland.

Elevation Range: 180–800 m.

Historical Distribution

Images

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Uses and Culture

USES

PROPAGATION/CULTIVATION

  • Canavalia galeata is a legume and the seeds are contained in 5 inch long pods that are about 1 inch wide. The flattened, oblong seeds are reddish brown. The pods turn brown when the seeds are mature, usually in the fall or winter.
  • The seeds germinate readily when scarified. Lilleeng-Rosenberger (1998) recommends scarifying the seeds using a clippers, file or sandpaper, or cracking them with a hammer being careful not to damage the end where the seed will sprout.
  • Culliney and Koebele clean the seeds by putting them in a solution of 1 part bleach and 9 parts water for 1/2 hour. After removing the seeds from the bleach solution, soak them in tap water for a day. Use just enough water to cover the seeds. Then sow the seeds on the top of moistened vermiculite and cover them with a layer of moistened green sphagnum moss. As soon as the seeds begin to germinate, remove most of the moss layer. They report germination in 1 week using this technique.
  • Lilleeng-Rosenberger (1996) had 100% germination in just 5 days for the related species, Canavalia napaliensis; these seeds were sown in a medium consisting of 3 parts perlite to 1 part Sunshine Mix #4. For Canavalia molokaiensis, Lilleeng-Rosenberger (1996) obtained 72% germination for seeds which had been stored for 2 years at 80 degrees F and 25% relative humidity. After scarification, these seeds were planted in a medium of 3 parts perlite to 1 part Jiffy Mix and they germinated in 7 days. (Bornhorst 1996; Culliney 1999; Lilleeng-Rosenberger 1996; Lilleeng-Rosenberger 1998; Wagner 1990)
  • Altenberg has successfully propagated another endemic species, Canavalia pubescens, from cuttings. He reports success with cuttings that were at least 2 nodes long from portions of the vine that still retained leaves. Cuttings made from stem parts which had already lost their leaves were not very successful. Cuttings were dipped in Rootone F and put into a medium of 1 part vermiculite and 1 part perlite. Cuttings were rooted under 50 percent shade cloth in Kihei, Maui and watered every morning. (Altenberg 2001) [Data from Herring, E. C., & Criley, R. A. (2003). The Hawaiian Native Plant Propagation Web Site: Developing a Webbased Information Resource. HortTechnology, 13(3), 545-548. https://www.ctahr.hawaii.edu/hawnprop/]

Natural History

Statewide Status

Endemic

Island Status

Kaua'i Unknown
O'ahu Endemic
Lana'i Unknown
Hawai'i Unknown

Dispersal Agents


Pollinators

Notes

  • 180-800 m
  • Description digitized by McKenna Bonn-Savage
  • Description digitized from the Manual of the Flowering Plants of Hawaii
  • degraded by guava or other alien vegetation

Bibliography

Name Published In: Linnaea 10: 584 (1836)

Other References

Wagner et al. 1990:651 (O); Wysong et al. 2007:4 (Mo); Wagner et al. 2012:37 (remove Mo [re-IDed as C. molokaiensis])

Occurrences

SNo. Scientific Name Locality Habitat Basis of Record Description Recorded By Record Number Island Source Date
1 Canavalia galeata 2nd ridge, S of Pohakea Pass Preserved_Specimen Christophersen, E. 1639 Oahu BISH 1931-03-19
2 Canavalia galeata Niu Valley Preserved_Specimen Obata, J.K. Oahu BISH 1978-06-13
3 Canavalia galeata Niu Valley Preserved_Specimen Obata, J.K. Oahu BISH 1978-06-13
4 Canavalia galeata Waianae Mts., Kaala Preserved_Specimen Rock, J.F.C. Oahu BISH 1958-11-01
5 Canavalia galeata Koko Crater Preserved_Specimen Stokes, J.F.G. Oahu BISH 1916-06-01
6 Canavalia galeata unknown Preserved_Specimen Hillebrand, W.B. BISH
7 Canavalia galeata Puu Hapapa Preserved_Specimen Meebold, A. Oahu BISH 1932-06-01
8 Canavalia galeata Koko Crater Preserved_Specimen Stokes, J.F.G. Oahu BISH 1916-06-01
9 Canavalia galeata Peacock Flats, Waianae mts Dry forest Preserved_Specimen Vine growing into trees and shrubs; lvs alternate; ternate; leaflets ovate; tips acuminate, ridribs and petioles pilosulous. Calyx lobes green and pilosulous; corolla lobes purple; pods flat Spence, G. 214 Oahu BISH 1973-09-06
10 Canavalia galeata Waianae Mts., S of Puu Hapapa Preserved_Specimen Obata, J.K. Oahu BISH 1965-08-16
11 Canavalia galeata Lanai Preserved_Specimen Munro, G.C. Lanai BISH
12 Canavalia galeata Kaluaa Preserved_Specimen Kondo, Y. Oahu BISH 1947-01-19
13 Canavalia galeata E slope Maunaloa, 2 mi S of KoleKole Pass Preserved_Specimen Oahu BISH 1945-10-20
14 Canavalia galeata Koko Crater Preserved_Specimen St.John, H. 26736 Oahu BISH 1966-05-30
15 Canavalia galeata Puu Kanehoa, Honuliuli Woods Preserved_Specimen Climber St.John, H. 11056 Oahu BISH 1931-03-22
16 Canavalia galeata Upper Waianae Valley Lower rain forest Preserved_Specimen Baker, J.G. Oahu BISH 1933-03-12
17 Canavalia galeata Kuaokala Gully Preserved_Specimen Common climber growing nr Canavalia 2767 (sheet 504304) Takeuchi, W.N. 2778 Oahu BISH 1986-08-22
18 Canavalia galeata NAVCAM EASTPAC Naval Xmitting Facility, due NW Monodominant stand of Swietenia mahagoni Preserved_Specimen Vine Takeuchi, W.N. 3235 Oahu BISH 1987-01-11
19 Canavalia galeata Lualualei Valley, large valley SW from Puu Kaua climbing trees Preserved_Specimen vine; flower showy Lamoureux, C.H. 3841 Oahu BISH 1967-05-21
20 Canavalia galeata Slope of Puu Kaala Wooded slope Preserved_Specimen Climbing, trailing vine Yoshioka, T. Oahu BISH 1933-11-05
21 Canavalia galeata Waianae Kai forest reserve, on open ridgetop towards Kaala past transmission towers Open ridgetop Preserved_Specimen Relatively common, on ground w/ uluhe, most in flower Imada, C. 120 Oahu BISH 1984-07-08
22 Canavalia galeata Lualualei. Collected near Antidesma 3218. Field No. Waianae 724 Sunny clearings in forest of Sapindus oahuensis and Antidesma pulvinatum. Locally common. Preserved_Specimen Takeuchi, W.N. 3224 Oahu BISH 1987-01-10
23 Canavalia galeata Maunalua, Hahaione Valley nr Pali Nr cliff Preserved_Specimen Climber on bushes St.John, H. 10123 Oahu BISH 1929-12-14
24 Canavalia galeata Wailupe. Southeastern Koolau Mountains. Growing in mesic forest dominated by Psidium cattleinaum. Also growing with Acacia koaia, Sandalum freycinetianum, Metrosideros polymorpha, Alyxia stellata, Canavalia galeata, and Gahnia asplera subsp. globlosa. Preserved_Specimen Extensive vines growing through canopy. Leaves trifoliate. Flowers bright pink-purple with white. Thomas, M.K. 579 Oahu BISH 2023-04-21
25 Canavalia galeata Waianae Kai forest reserve, on ascending trail to hd of Kamaileunu ridge Uluhe undergrowth and canopy trees Preserved_Specimen Population in flower; flowers: purple corolla w/ green calyx Imada, C. 121 Oahu BISH 1984-07-08
26 Canavalia galeata Makaleha Valley, at second fork Makaleha Stream Open forest w/ Java pum, kukui, Diospyros Preserved_Specimen Vine growing on Pluchea & guava w/ deep purple flowers. Herbst, D.R. 1112 Oahu BISH 1968-05-12
27 Canavalia galeata Honouliuli Contour Immersed in dense Clidemia cover Preserved_Specimen Common vine Takeuchi, W.N. 3563 Oahu BISH 1987-05-23
28 Canavalia galeata Halawa Trail, North Halawa-South Halawa Ridge Forested ridge, koa zone Preserved_Specimen One patch of several plants, vine climbing 7 m over trees St.John, H. 24872 Oahu BISH 1952-12-13
29 Canavalia galeata Puu Kanehoa Brush-covered slope Preserved_Specimen Clambering vine; corolla reddish-purple Webster, G.L. 1627 Oahu BISH 1948-06-13
30 Canavalia galeata Lualualei Valley, large valley SW from Puu Kaua climbing trees Preserved_Specimen vine; flower showy Lamoureux, C.H. 3841 Oahu BISH 1967-05-21
31 Canavalia galeata Hd of Makua Valley Dry forest Preserved_Specimen Long vine, climbing over trees; flowers bright magenta-purple Fosberg, F.R. 9062 Oahu BISH 1932-11-25
32 Canavalia galeata Waianae Mts., Makaha Valley Moist woods Preserved_Specimen Common from 800-2500 ft elevation; vine climbing over trees, often 8 m tall. Leaflets firm chartaceous above dark green, semilucid, below green; short shoots of infl. 2-3 mm diam. subglobase, greenish; corolla opening pink-magenta, turning later in day to bluish-magenta. (much follows) St.John, H. 25122 Oahu BISH 1963-05-03
33 Canavalia galeata Kuaokala, nr Kealia trail terminus Gully, draped over Metrosideros Preserved_Specimen Takeuchi, W.N. 2303 Oahu BISH 1985-07-14
34 Canavalia galeata Waianaeuka, E slope Puu Kaala Lower woods Preserved_Specimen Vine St.John, H. 9940 Oahu BISH 1929-10-13
35 Canavalia galeata Waianaeuka, E side of Puu Kaala Woods Preserved_Specimen Liana on trees St.John, H. 10054 Oahu BISH 1929-11-24
36 Canavalia galeata Wailupe just above sub-division Forest of guava and haole koa Preserved_Specimen Common Takeuchi, W.N. 2672 Oahu BISH 1986-06-01
37 Canavalia galeata E ridge of Puu Kaua Climbing on ohia trees Preserved_Specimen Banner dark magenta, other petals rose-magenta St.John, H. 25315 Oahu BISH 1954-11-24
38 Canavalia galeata Waianaeuka, E side of Puu Kaala Woods Preserved_Specimen Liana on trees St.John, H. 10054 Oahu BISH 1929-11-24
39 Canavalia galeata Halawa Trail, North Halawa-South Halawa Ridge Forested ridge, koa zone Preserved_Specimen Vine climbing 7 m over trees; leaves: appearing smooth, above clear green, below paler green; banner purple, wings and keel blue-violet, pod brown. One patch of several plants St.John, H. 24872 Oahu BISH 1952-12-13
40 Canavalia galeata E ridge of Puu Kaua Climbing on ohia trees Preserved_Specimen Banner dark magenta, other petals rose-magenta St.John, H. 25315 Oahu BISH 1954-01-01
41 Canavalia galeata E side of Waianae range nr Pohakea Pass Head of grassy gulch Preserved_Specimen Ozaki, E.T. 361 Oahu BISH 1953-03-08
42 Canavalia galeata Waialae Nui, Koolau Mts., ridge in koa Preserved_Specimen vine; flower deep violet Kuykendall, J.R. 100 Oahu BISH 1943-04-11
43 Canavalia galeata Waianae Mts, Honouliuli, Puu Hapapa Semi-wet Preserved_Specimen Shrub Onouye, R. Oahu BISH 1934-01-07
44 Canavalia galeata Makaha Valley Moist woods Preserved_Specimen Common from 800-2500 ft elevation; vine climbing over trees, often 8 m tall. Leaflets firm chartaceous above dark green, semilucid, below green; short shoots of infl. 2-3 mm diam. subglobase, greenish; corolla opening pink-magenta, turning later in day to bluish-magenta. (much follows) St.John, H. 25122 Oahu BISH 1953-05-03
45 Canavalia galeata Makaha Valley Lower woods Preserved_Specimen Climbing on bushes St.John, H. 11615 Oahu BISH 1932-04-03
46 Canavalia galeata Puu Kaua, south side Climbing on Psidium in gulch. Dry, disturbed area. Assoc. w/ Schinus, Sapindus oahuensis, hau, lantana. Common. Preserved_Specimen Herbst, D.R. 495 Oahu BISH 1967-05-21
47 Canavalia galeata Honouliuli, N fork of valley E of Palikea Open hillside Preserved_Specimen Climber; flowers magenta St.John, H. 10374 Oahu BISH 1930-02-23
48 Canavalia galeata Pahole Gulch, foothills of subgulch W section on gulch Open, mixed dry forest of Acacia koa, Osmanthus, Sapindus and Schinus Preserved_Specimen Nagata, K.M. 1356 Oahu BISH 1976-07-27
49 Canavalia galeata Nr Huliwai Crest of sub-ridge Preserved_Specimen Common vine along ground w/ Stenogyne Takeuchi, W.N. 2852 Oahu BISH 1986-09-20
50 Canavalia galeata Kuaokala Gully Preserved_Specimen Common climber on Metrosideros and Styphelia; only a few fertile Takeuchi, W.N. 2767 Oahu BISH 1986-08-22
51 Canavalia galeata Halona Valley, Lualualei, Dry open forest Preserved_Specimen Flowers dark purple Fosberg, F.R. 9493 Oahu BISH 1933-05-12
52 Canavalia galeata Makaha Valley Moist hillside Preserved_Specimen Hasegawa, M. Oahu BISH 1932-04-03
53 Canavalia galeata Waianae Mts., Puu Kanehoa trail, lower kukui Preserved_Specimen Stone, B.C. 3431 Oahu BISH 1960-04-30
54 Canavalia galeata Puu Hapapa, Honouliuli Preserved_Specimen Climbing on bushes; flowers magenta St.John, H. 10601 Oahu BISH 1930-10-19
55 Canavalia galeata Ekahanui gulch to 2nd gulch beyond Pohakea pass Fire break trail Preserved_Specimen Chock, A.K. 207 Oahu BISH 1951-03-18
56 Canavalia galeata Puu Kaua-Kanehoa Pk, nr bottom of ridge joining main ridge, above Kunia Camp Preserved_Specimen Running vine, 2-4 ft long; fls maroon-purple; pod broad, plus seeds Pearsall, G.A. 506 Oahu BISH 1960-05-16
57 Canavalia galeata Maunalua, Koko Crater floor Preserved_Specimen dead vine St.John, H. 26738 Oahu BISH 1968-01-07
58 Canavalia galeata Koko Crater, inner Preserved_Specimen magenta keel and wings somewhat straiate with a darker hue; dull reddish purple black bannes with whitish radiations; pods sinuate around seeds, 3-6 Stone, B.C. 2710 Oahu BISH 1959-01-15
59 Canavalia galeata Waianae Range, Waianae Kai trail, loop trail, ridge at powerline towers Preserved_Specimen vine, flowers dark violet. Imada, C. 99090621 Oahu BISH 1999-09-06
60 Canavalia galeata Koko Crater, inner Preserved_Specimen magenta keel and wings somewhat straiate with a darker hue; dull reddish purple black bannes with whitish radiations; pods sinuate around seeds, 3-6 Stone, B.C. 2710 Oahu BISH 1959-01-15
61 Canavalia galeata Kamananui Preserved_Specimen Petals red magneta, but banner w/ greenish-white eye, from it's edge 11 white lines ascend or radiate, above the middle blackish magenta St.John, H. 25576 Oahu BISH 1955-07-17
62 Canavalia galeata Oahu Preserved_Specimen St.John, H. 25177 Oahu BISH 1953-12-23
63 Canavalia galeata Kamananui Preserved_Specimen Petals red magenta, banner w/ greenish-white eye St.John, H. 25576 Oahu BISH 1955-07-17
64 Canavalia galeata Ice Palace Preserved_Specimen small leaf Woodcock, D. 328 Oahu BISH
65 Canavalia galeata Kaala, Waianaeuka Preserved_Specimen Hume, E.P. 50 Oahu BISH 1930-11-30
66 Canavalia galeata Waianae Mts., Puu Kaua, ~1/2 way to summit Preserved_Specimen Gillespie, J.W. 1050 Oahu BISH 1927-07-06
67 Canavalia galeata Halawa Trail, North Halawa-South Halawa Ridge Preserved_Specimen Vine; flower, blue; fruit, brown Shinohara, B. 209 Oahu BISH 1947-03-02
68 Canavalia galeata Kupehau Gulch Preserved_Specimen Fls. magenta Cowan, R.S. 163 Oahu BISH 1946-10-13
69 Canavalia galeata Ice Palace Preserved_Specimen small leaf Woodcock, D. 327 Oahu BISH
70 Canavalia galeata unknown Preserved_Specimen BISH
71 Canavalia galeata Halawa Trail, North Halawa-South Halawa Ridge Preserved_Specimen St.John, H. 24872 Oahu BISH 1952-12-13
72 Canavalia galeata Mokuleia, slopes of Kaala Preserved_Specimen Forbes, C.N. 1800 Oahu BISH 1912-04-26
73 Canavalia galeata Wailupe Valley, right-hand fork Preserved_Specimen Forbes, C.N. 2499 Oahu BISH 1917-05-04
74 Canavalia galeata Waianae Mts., Palikea trail Preserved_Specimen Stone, B.C. 3478 Oahu BISH 1960-05-05
75 Canavalia galeata Koko Crater Preserved_Specimen Lane, I.E. 16 Oahu BISH
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